Watercolor Paper: A History of Global Brands and Manufacturing
The evolution of watercolor paper is a journey from ancient organic materials to the highly engineered surfaces used by modern artists. Long before the availability of modern sheets, the Egyptians utilized papyrus as a surface for their water-based pigments. Over centuries, this evolved into a specialized industry focused on durability, texture, and the ability to withstand the unique demands of water-based media.
One of the most significant advancements occurred in the 1780s when James Whatman developed a paper specifically for watercolors. He introduced sizing—a protective coating made of gelatin—which prevented the paper from deteriorating during the repeated cycles of wetting, drying, and reworking that characterize the watercolor process.
Key Facts
- Fabriano is one of the oldest manufacturers, beginning production in 1264.
- Arches dates back to approximately 1620 and provided much of France's paper in the 1700s.
- Sizing (specifically gelatin) is essential for protecting paper from repeated wetting.
- Handmade options include brands like Khadi, Twin Rocker, and Moldau.
- Modern production is global, with major hubs in France, Britain, Italy, Germany, Canada, the US, India, and the Czech Republic.
The Evolution of Paper Manufacturing
The Rise of Woven Paper
In the late 1760s, woven paper became popular for print publications due to its superior smoothness. Artists adopted this style because it eliminated the unevenness found in molded paper, allowing for a more consistent application of paint.
Historic Mills and Their Legacies
Certain mills have shaped the history of art and commerce. Fabriano, established in 1264, was used by Michelangelo during the Renaissance and continues to produce paper today, including the paper used for Euro currency. Arches, starting around 1620, produced not only art paper but also official documents and currency during the French Revolution. In the 1950s, Arches merged with other manufacturers to form Arjomari Prioux, which later became part of Arjowiggins.
Global Landscape of Modern Watercolor Paper
Today, watercolor paper is produced by a diverse array of international brands, ranging from mass-produced student grades to professional-grade handmade sheets.
European Production
France remains a powerhouse of production, housing brands such as Canson, Moulin de Larroque, Lanaquarelle, and Arches. Additionally, Strathmore 300 and 400 series are produced in France, though they are branded and packaged in the US. Britain is home to Winsor & Newton, Saunders & Waterford, Bockingford (both produced by St. Cuthbert Mill), and Whatman. While Hayle Mill was once the official paper of the Royal Watercolour Society, it is now defunct. Similarly, Germany's Zerkall mill closed after a devastating flood in 2021.
North American and International Brands
In the United States, brands like Legion (which imprints Yupo and Stonehenge), Jack Richeson, Twin Rocker, Fluid (a subsidiary of Speedball), and Sax are prominent. Canada contributes Bee Paper Company and St. Armand, the latter of which produces handmade Dominion paper in 150, 200, and 300 lb weights. Other notable international producers include Khadi (handmade in India) and Moldau (produced in Velke Losiny, Czech Republic, often by hand).
| Country | Notable Brands | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|
| France | Arches, Canson, Moulin de Larroque, Lanaquarelle | Produces Strathmore 300/400 |
| Britain | Saunders & Waterford, Bockingford, Whatman | St. Cuthbert Mill produces S&W and Bockingford |
| Italy | Fabriano | Production began in 1264; used for Euro currency |
| USA | Legion (Yupo/Stonehenge), Fluid, Sax, Twin Rocker | Twin Rocker is exclusively handmade |
| Canada | Bee Paper Company, St. Armand | St. Armand produces handmade Dominion paper |
| India | Khadi | Exclusively handmade |
| Czech Republic | Moldau | Much of the production is handmade |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is sizing in watercolor paper?
Sizing is a protective coating, historically made from gelatin, that reduces the paper's absorbency. This allows the artist to wet, dry, and rework the paint without damaging the paper fibers.
Which brands offer both student and professional grades?
Several major manufacturers produce different quality levels for different skill levels, including St. Cuthbert Mill, Canson, Strathmore, Hahnemuhle, Fabriano, and Speedball/Fluid.
Which watercolor papers are exclusively handmade?
Khadi and Twin Rocker are exclusively handmade. Additionally, much of the Moldau paper from the Czech Republic and the Dominion line from St. Armand are handmade.
What happened to the Zerkall and Hayle Mill brands?
Both are now defunct. The Zerkall Mill in Germany was destroyed by a flood in 2021 and did not reopen due to market forces.
Is Fabriano paper still used for official purposes?
Yes, after more than 750 years of production, Fabriano paper is used in the production of Euro currency.