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The Cross of Mentana: A History of the Papal Military Honor In the turbulent landscape of 19th-century Italian unification, military honors often served as lasting symbols of political an...
Read The Cross of Mentana: A History of the Papal Military HonorPapal States and the French Empire: A History of Conflict and Power The relationship between the French state and the papacy during the late 18th and 19th centuries was defined by a volat...
Read Papal States and the French Empire: A History of Conflict and PowerKingdom of Italy: The Struggle for Rome The unification of Italy was a complex political and military journey that culminated in the establishment of a centralized monarchy. On February 1...
Read Kingdom of Italy and the Capture of RomeFirst Vatican Council: Papal Infallibility and the Church's Response to Modernity The First Vatican Council, commonly known as Vatican I, stands as one of the most pivotal events in the m...
Read First Vatican Council: Papal Infallibility and the Church's Response to ModernityPope Pius IX: The Longest Pontificate and the Transition to Modernity Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Battista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro Mastai-Ferretti, stands as one of the most conse...
Read Pope Pius IX: The Longest Pontificate and the Transition to ModernityKulturkampf: The Conflict Between the Prussian State and the Catholic Church The Kulturkampf (German for "cultural struggle") was a fierce political and ideological conflict that spanned ...
Read Kulturkampf: The Conflict Between the Prussian State and the Catholic Church